Staking’s Free Rider Problem
This piece appeared originally on Mirror under the title "Staking's Free Rider Problem." You can read the original on Mirror, here.
Givers and Takers
Every community has givers and takers. Some give. Some take.
Some give and take.
The takers usually outnumber the givers. Those that balance giving and taking are rare.
All Take No Give
Validator communities on staking networks are no exception.
Spend a little time in validator chat groups to see this imbalance in action.
You’ll see many people asking for help. You’ll see fewer people offering to help. Those you see help are usually the same people, helping again and again.
You might expect the larger, better resourced validators to be the ones helping. It makes sense to believe that the more resources a validator has, the larger the staff it might have too.
So it’s reasonable to believe that these validators have more time to spend in the chats. If that’s the case, you might expect to see them offering to help and even, maybe, contributing tools and resources back to the community.
They also tend to have some of the biggest stakes and are earning the most fees as a result. This means they're extracting a lot of value from the network and its community.
And It's Not Who You Might Think
Yet spend some time in these communities and you’ll see that it’s often the smaller, independent validators who are answering the questions and making tangible contributions on a regular basis.
In fact, it’s rare to see representatives from the big validator companies in the chats at all.
They do tend to pop up during network upgrades, for example. They’re usually asking the questions, not answering them.
The recent Cosmos Stargate upgrade brought this idea home for me. In the weeks leading up to the upgrade, very few, if any, reps from the big validator companies were in the testnet chats or the chats helping prepare for the upgrade. Yet they did appear once the upgrade was underway and they needed something.
Take, for example this peers list I started. Early in the upgrade process there wasn’t a list of peers to use.
I started this document and left it open for anyone to edit. Take a look at who contributed. More importantly, notice who’s absent.
You’ll see that most of the contributions were made by smaller
operators. Yet the list was used by the largest exchanges and staking as a service infrastructure operators.
In fact, someone from the latter asked in the chat if there was a list of peers. I responded with a link to the list and suggested he add a node as well.
His response?
Nada, nothing, zilch.
In another example, during a subsequent Cosmos emergency security upgrade, someone from one of the biggest exchanges emerged out of nowhere. He started asking quite a few questions, some of which indicated he might be somewhat new to Cosmos and hadn't done a lot of research on his own. He first turned to the community for help instead.
In addition, you don't see these companies sharing any tools with the validator communities. They guard their tools and keep them close to their vest. Maybe they see them as their competitive advantage.
The Free Riding Imbalance
These examples illustrate the validator free riding problem. In a nutshell, those validators extracting the most value to the network contribute the least.
Balancing the Scales
How can networks and their communities correct this imbalance? One way is to encourage delegators to not stake to these validators.
This may be a lost cause though. Many token holders of these networks don't care about the issue. They'll stake to the lowest fee, most convenient validators. While not a completely hopeless endeavor, this approach needs to be supplemented by other actions.
Ideally, validators who don't contribute value wouldn't be able to extract value. This is difficult to implement.
So rather than punish those who don't contribute value, networks should find ways to reward those that create value.
This includes those active in the chats who both take AND give. Foundation delegations are a start, yet aren't enough.
At Least Start Talking About It
There are other creative ways to neutralize or at least diminish this problem too. Networks and their communities need to start taking action now, before these value extractors get an even bigger lead, taking staking even closer to a decentralized doomsday scenario.
Another easy way to stem the tide is to at least discuss the issue in public. Hopefully this post helps encourage this discussion.